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<title>Message</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Message</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Message_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Message (disambiguation)">Message (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Massage" title="Massage">Massage</a> or <a href="Messuage" class="mw-redirect" title="Messuage">Messuage</a>.</div>

<p>A <b>message</b> is a unit of communication that conveys information from a sender to a receiver. It can be transmitted through various forms, such as spoken or written words, signals, or electronic data, and can range from simple instructions to complex information.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The consumption of the message relies on how the recipient interprets the message, there are times where the recipient contradicts the intention of the message which results in a boomerang effect.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Message fatigue is another outcome recipients can obtain if a message is conveyed too much by the source.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One example of a message is a <a href="Press_release" title="Press release">press release</a>, which may vary from a brief report or statement released by a public agency to commercial publicity material.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of a message is how they are portrayed to a consumer via an advertisement.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_in_human_communication">Roles in human communication</h2></div>

<p>In communication between humans, messages can be verbal or <a href="Nonverbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonverbal">nonverbal</a>:

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<ul><li>A verbal message is an exchange of information using words. Examples include face-to-face communication, telephone calls, voicemails, emails, etc.</li>

<li>A nonverbal message is communicated through actions or behaviors rather than words, such as conscious or unconscious <a href="Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>.</li></ul>

<p>The phrase "send a message" or "sending a message" is also used for actions taken by a party to convey that party's attitude towards a certain thing. For example, a government that executes people who commit acts of <a href="Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> is sending a message that treason will not be tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, a party that appears through its actions to endorse something that it opposes can be said to be "sending the wrong message",<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while one which appears to simultaneously endorse contradictory things can be said to be sending "mixed messages".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_computer_science">In computer science</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_vs._Messages">Events vs. Messages</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed systems</a>, <a href="Event_(computing)" title="Event (computing)">events</a> represent a fact or state change (e.g., <i>OrderPlaced</i>) and are typically broadcast asynchronously to multiple consumers, promoting loose coupling and scalability. While events generally don’t expect an immediate response, acknowledgment mechanisms are often implemented at the infrastructure level (e.g., Kafka commit offsets, SNS delivery statuses) rather than being an inherent part of the event pattern itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In contrast, messages serve a broader role, encompassing commands (e.g., <i>ProcessPayment</i>), events (e.g., <i>PaymentProcessed</i>), and documents (e.g., <i>DataPayload</i>). Both events and messages can support various delivery guarantees, including at-least-once, at-most-once, and exactly-once, depending on the technology stack and implementation. However, exactly-once delivery is often achieved through idempotency mechanisms rather than true, infrastructure-level exactly-once semantics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Delivery patterns for both events and messages include publish/subscribe (one-to-many) and point-to-point (one-to-one). While request/reply is technically possible, it is more commonly associated with messaging patterns rather than pure event-driven systems. Events excel at state propagation and decoupled notifications, while messages are better suited for command execution, workflow orchestration, and explicit coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Modern architectures commonly combine both approaches, leveraging events for distributed state change notifications and messages for targeted command execution and structured workflows based on specific timing, ordering, and delivery requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Airmail" title="Airmail">Airmail</a> – Service which transports mail by air</li>

<li><a href="Amateur_radio_emergency_communications" title="Amateur radio emergency communications">Amateur radio emergency communications</a> – Fallback service</li>

<li><a href="Beacon" title="Beacon">Beacon</a> – Device used to attract attention</li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> – Artificial satellite that relays radio signals</li>

<li><a href="Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a> – Academic discipline</li>

<li><a href="Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums in communication</a> – Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications</li>

<li><a href="Email" title="Email">Email</a> – Mail sent using electronic means</li>

<li><a href="Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a> – Method of emergency broadcasting in the United States</li>

<li><a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a> – Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext</li>

<li><a href="Express_mail" title="Express mail">Express mail</a> – Accelerated mail delivery service</li>

<li><a href="Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a> – System to transmit information by hand</li>

<li><a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a> – Form of computer communication over the internet or locally</li>

<li><a href="List_of_interstellar_radio_messages" title="List of interstellar radio messages">List of interstellar radio messages</a></li>

<li><a href="Mail" title="Mail">Mail</a> – System for transporting documents and other small packages</li>

<li><a href="Message_in_a_bottle" title="Message in a bottle">Message in a bottle</a> – Form of communication</li>

<li><a href="Network_packet" title="Network packet">Network packet</a> – Formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network</li>

<li><a href="Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraph</a> – Tower-based signaling network</li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaque</a> – Plaques on the Pioneer 10 and 11 space probes with pictorial messages about humanity</li>

<li><a href="Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a> – 1860–1861 mail service in the United States</li>

<li><a href="Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> – Use of radio waves to carry information</li>

<li><a href="Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> – Mechanical apparatus used to send messages</li>

<li><a href="Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a> – Study of signs and sign processes</li>

<li><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a> – Language that uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning</li>

<li><a href="Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signal</a> – Smoke used as a mode of communication</li>

<li><a href="SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> – Text messaging service component</li>

<li><a href="Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a> – Long distance transmission of text</li>

<li><a href="Telephony" title="Telephony">Telephony</a> – Field of telecommunication services</li>

<li><a href="Television" title="Television">Television</a> – Medium for transmitting moving images and sound</li>

<li><a href="Voicemail" title="Voicemail">Voicemail</a> – Voice message storage and retrieval</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Communication in Everyday Life: A Survey of Communication</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5443-4987-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Theories of Human Communication</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57766-706-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoFink2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Xinyan; Fink, Edward L. (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03637751.2020.1813317">"Proattitudinal versus counterattitudinal messages: Message discrepancy, reactance, and the boomerang effect"</a></span>. <i>Communication Monographs</i>. <b>88</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">286–</span>305. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03637751.2020.1813317">10.1080/03637751.2020.1813317</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSoKimCohen2017" class="citation journal cs1">So, Jiyeon; Kim, Soela; Cohen, Heather (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03637751.2016.1250429">"Message fatigue: Conceptual definition, operationalization, and correlates"</a></span>. <i>Communication Monographs</i>. <b>84</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>29. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03637751.2016.1250429">10.1080/03637751.2016.1250429</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTsaiLancaster2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tsai, Wan-Hsiu (Sunny); Lancaster, Alyse R. (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07359683.2012.705708">"Message Strategies in Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising: A Content Analysis Using Taylor's Six-Segment Message Strategy Wheel"</a></span>. <i>Health Marketing Quarterly</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>255. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07359683.2012.705708">10.1080/07359683.2012.705708</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22905945">22905945</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Cambridge-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/send-a-message">"Send a message definition"</a>. <i><a href="Cambridge_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge English Dictionary">Cambridge English Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarie2022" class="citation web cs1">Marie, A. (November 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/mindfully/a-mixed-message-is-the-message-b6c9b36e6fa7">"A Mixed Message is THE Message"</a>. <i>Medium</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKleppmann" class="citation book cs1">Kleppmann, Martin. <i>Designing Data-Intensive Applications: The Big Ideas Behind Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Systems</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4493-7332-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Building Event-Driven Microservices: Leveraging Organizational Data at Scale</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4920-5789-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Messages" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Messages">Messages</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/message" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/message"><i>message</i></a> at Wiktionary</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Message" class="extiw external" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Message">Message</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul>

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